The following is an
excerpt from
http://www.hanksville.org/daniel/lakota/Ghost_Dance.html, an article written by Karen M.
Strom.
"By the 1880's the U.S. government had managed to confine almost all of the Indians on reservations, usually on land so poor that the white man could conceive of no use for it themselves.
The rations and supplies that had been guaranteed them by the treaties were of poor quality, if they arrived at all. Graft and corruption were rampant in the Indian Bureau. In an attempt to stem this problem, a move was made to recruit Quakers to take the positions as Indian agents, however not nearly enough Quakers responded to the call for volunteers. This call, however, opened the door to other denominations setting up shop on the reservations. An attempt was made to convert the Indians to Christianity with mixed results.
However, by 1890 conditions were so bad on the reservations, nationwide, with starvation conditions existing in many places, that the situation was ripe for a major movement to rise among the Indians. This movement found its origin in
a Paiute Indian named Wovoka, who announced that he was the messiah come to earth to prepare the Indians for their salvation. Representatives from tribes all over the nation came to Nevada to meet with
Wovoka and learn to dance the
Ghost Dance and to sing Ghost Dance songs.
In early October of 1890,
Kicking Bear, a
Minneconjou, visited
Sitting Bull at Standing Rock. He told him of the visit he and his brother-in-law, Short Bull, had made to Nevada to visit
Wovoka. They told him of the great number of other Indians who were there as well. They referred to
Wovoka as the Christ and told of the Ghost Dance that they had learned and the way that the Christ had flown over them on their horseback ride back to the railroad tracks, teaching them Ghost Dance songs. And they told him of the
prophecy that, next spring, when the grass was high, the earth would be covered with new soil, burying all the white men.The new soil would be covered with sweet grass, running water and trees; the great herds of buffalo and wild horses would return. All Indians who danced the Ghost Dance would be taken up into the air and suspended there while the new earth was being laid down. Then they would be replaced there, with the ghosts of their ancestors, on the new earth. Only Indians would live there then."
In the African American oral folktale tradition slaves were said to be able to fly up to the sun and away from their *masters. *How one person can be master over another is subjective, for one can not truly *master another. Physical
control yes, and at times mind control as well, but truly their is no mastering
another's spirit as
evidenced throughout history and the perseverance of all people everywhere to overcome obstacles placed in their path.
While some thought Ghostdancers were entirely unsuccessful in their efforts truly they were not. Ghostdancers, while appearing in the physical realm to not have achieved the purpose of their dance, had fulfilled it in a different way entirely. Ghostdancers were able to transcend spiritually to another, more astral plane, thereby preserving the traditions set down by our ancestors. Ghostdancing still continues today but more in a form of retrieval and not of a form of departure.
For more information on the Ghostdancers of the 19th century~
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Dancehttp://php.indiana.edu/~tkavanag/visual5.htmlhttp://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/ghostdance.htmhttp://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKghost.html